W. Keith Campbell

Age and gender differences in narcissism have been studied often. However, considering the rich history of narcissism research accompanied by its diverging conceptualizations, little is known about age and gender differences across various narcissism measures. The present study investigated age and gender differences and their interactions across eight widely used narcissism instruments (ie, Narcissistic Personality Inventory, Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale, Dirty Dozen, Psychological Entitlement Scale, Narcissistic Personality Disorder Symptoms from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Version IV, Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire–Short Form, Single-Item Narcissism Scale, and brief version of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory). The findings of Study 1 (N= 5,736) revealed heterogeneity in how strongly the measures are correlated. Some instruments loaded clearly …

«Narcisismo» es una de las palabras que caracterizan nuestro tiempo. Mencionada contínuamente en los medios de comunicación, es el tema de millones de consultas online y el centro de debates políticos. Pero,¿ qué significa realmente este término? Uno de los más aclamados especialistas en la cuestión desgrana el concepto, por lo general mal utilizado, y profundiza en las investigaciones psicológicas y sociológicas más recientes sobre el fenómeno. En lugar de patologizar los comportamientos asociados, Keith Campbell no solo nos revela que el narcisismo se produce en un amplio espectro de contextos, sino que casi todo el mundo muestra tendencias narcisistas en su comportamiento. Basándose en casos reales, Narcisismo contiene herramientas y sugerencias para pulir comportamientos tóxicamente egoístas tanto hacia los demás como en uno mismo. Asimismo, Campbell examina las tendencias actuales que exacerban los comportamientos narcisistas, como la adicción a las redes sociales.

While some people easily align themselves with others, others find themselves less aligned with sociocultural norms (e.g., nonconformists). Though people outside the mainstream tend to capture societies’ attention, very little known is regarding how nonconformists are construed. In these studies, we investigated how different types of nonconformists are stereotyped. We sought to elucidate common and dissociable social stereotypes of two types of nonconformity; mavericks and contrarians, driven toward independence versus being different, respectively. We found that mavericks are construed as highly competent and conscientious, well suited for leadership roles, and more likely to be male, older, and satisfied with their life. Contrarians are construed as highly social, low in warmth and agreeableness, highly neurotic, well suited for roles involving creativity and self-expression, and more likely to be female …

Changes in narcissistic traits (e.g., entitlement) following the ceremonial use of ayahuasca were examined across three timepoints (baseline, postretreat, 3-month follow-up) in a sample of 314 adults using self- and informant-report (N = 110) measures. Following ceremonial use of ayahuasca, self-reported changes in narcissism were observed (i.e., decreases in Narcissistic Personality Inventory [NPI] Entitlement-Exploitativeness, increases in NPI Leadership Authority, decreases in a proxy measure of narcissistic personality disorder [NPD]). However, effect size changes were small, results were somewhat mixed across convergent measures, and no significant changes were observed by informants. The present study provides modest and qualified support for adaptive change in narcissistic antagonism up to 3 months following ceremony experiences, suggesting some potential for treatment efficacy. However …

Background Studies have shown evidence for long-term effects of psychedelics on personality, but comprehensive models of psychedelic-mediated personality changes have yet to be explored. Aims The present study aims to investigate (1) perceptions of personality change in the general population, (2) moderators of perceived personality change including setting and drug type, and (3) whether personality predisposes individuals to use psychedelics. Method Paid participants with experience using psychedelic ( N = 218), non-users with interest in using psychedelics ( N = 104), and non-users without interest in using psychedelic ( N = 104) completed an online survey following recruitment from Amazon Mechanical Turk. Psychedelic users were asked to complete written open-ended …

Intellectual humility (IH) likely is most challenging when individuals are confronted with existential threats, a state we label existential humility (EH). Existential humility includes holding cherished beliefs regarding the meaning of life and death loosely enough to revise in light of evidence, as well as lower defensiveness following existential threats or reminders. We discuss the broader personality structure IH and EH, focusing on the Big Five factor of agreeableness as well as narcissism. We propose that the most diagnostic situations of the existence of intellectual humility – heretofore rare in the empirical literature – are in the realm of existential beliefs. Moving from existential arrogance to humility may require substantial self-change, though transcendent situations such as flow experiences, awe (e.g., wondrous vistas in nature), meditation, or even experience with psychedelics may be viable pathways toward …

Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition triggered by a traumatic event, associated with symptoms such as flashbacks, nightmares, depression, and anxiety, which can persist for years after the trauma experience. Recent studies have evaluated the therapeutic potential of psychedelics for treatment of various mental health conditions, such as PTSD. In some mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety, the microbiome-gut-brain axis can play a major role in their etiology and pathophysiology. We therefore investigated changes in the gut microbiome before and after the ceremonial use of ayahuasca as a treatment for PTSD in United States Veterans. Ayahuasca is a culturally ancient decoction of plants such as Psychotria viridis which contains N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and the Banisteropsis caapi ayahuasca vine, which contains monoamine oxidase inhibitors …

The present study examined the safety and efficacy of the ceremonial use of ayahuasca in relation to reports of heightened life event reexperiencing under psychedelics. The study examined (1) the prevalence of specific types of adverse life event reexperiencing, (2) characteristics predictive of reexperiencing, (3) the psychological character of reexperiencing, and (4) the impact of reexperiencing on mental health. Participants were recruited from three ayahuasca healing and spiritual centers in South and Central America (N = 33 military veterans, 306 non-veterans) using self-report data at three timepoints (Pre-retreat, Post-retreat, 3-months post-retreat). Reexperiencing adverse life events under ayahuasca was common, with women showing particularly high probability of reexperiencing sexual assault, veterans reexperiencing combat-related trauma, and individuals with a self-reported lifetime diagnosis of post …

Financial planning has moved beyond a purely economic model and now incorporates aspects of behavioral economics and counseling psychology to better serve clients. In this review, we suggest that personality psychology, particularly the Big Five or OCEAN model of general personality might also be useful in financial planning. Financial planners are well aware that different clients with different personalities bring different opportunities and challenges into the planning session, but planners might benefit from a more formal understanding of client personality. To this end, we describe the Big Five traits–Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism or OCEAN–and the basic personality science surrounding them. We next examine how each of the OCEAN traits is associated with key financial outcomes including: income, net-worth or wealth, financial literacy, financial risk tolerance, and financial happiness. We discuss profiles of the Big Five traits, including Resilient, Under controlled, and Over controlled profiles. Finally, we discuss some potential benefits for of incorporating personality science into financial planning research and practice.

BackgroundEvidence suggests that psychedelic-assisted therapy carries transdiagnostic efficacy in the treatment of mental health conditions characterized by low mood and the use of avoidance coping strategies.AimsWhile preliminary evidence suggests that psychological flexibility and emotion regulation processes play an important role within psychedelic therapy, this prospective study addressed methodological gaps in the literature and examined the ability of ayahuasca to stimulate acute states of cognitive reappraisal and long-term changes in psychological flexibility and mood. The study also explored whether moderating factors predisposed participants to experience therapeutic changes.MethodsParticipants (N = 261) were recruited from three Shipibo ayahuasca retreat centers in Central and South America and completed assessments on mood, psychological flexibility, and acute ceremonial factors …

There is a growing interest in the role of personality characteristics in describing financial outcomes. The Big Five personality traits have been shown to predict relevant financial outcomes including income and net worth. In the present research (n = 395), we move beyond individual Big Five personality traits to look at personality profiles in the prediction of financial outcomes. Using latent profile analyses, we identified three profiles—Under Controlled, Resilient, and Over Controlled—which were uniquely associated with income, risk tolerance, and life satisfaction. These patterns held even after controlling for gender, education, and age. The discussion focuses on the relative benefits of a personality approach over the common risk-tolerance approach.

With social media increasing the ability of tourists to conspicuously consume travel experiences, tourism marketers need tools to better understand the motivations behind why tourist post travel pictures for status. This paper uses Optimal Distinctiveness Theory to develop the Conspicuous Consumption Posting Scale (CCPS). Results demonstrate the construct validity of the scale with four unique motivations for posting travel pictures for status: pure conspicuous consumption focused on the desire to signal wealth, bandwagon motivations focused on using travel photography to fit in, and snob motivations focused on using travel photography and travel destinations to stand out from one’s peers.

This study examines the readability of corporate communication in the CEO letters in the corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports presented by the firms included in the S&P 500 Index. These documents were content analyzed through the use of an automated algorithm provided by Readable. IO. Using a frame of analysis based on the social psychology theory of impression management, we studied the impression management tactics used. The main findings suggest that leading CSR companies (those listed in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index) present more readable CSR information in terms of comprehension and extension. These companies disclose CSR information generally in a positive way. However, these disclosure patterns are mediated by the “goal relevance of the impressions” and the “value of desired goals” related to the impression management tactics used.

PurposeThe purpose of this document is to describe the development of the Ayahuasca Experience

Mixed findings exist as to whether personality pathology involves a critical lack of awareness and insight. Research questions about insight and awareness in personality pathology are typically assessed via comparing self-and informant reports of traits. However, recent studies have measured insight by asking individuals to evaluate additional questions about impairment and desire to change. The present study uses a variety of approaches to examine these issues, including investigations of convergence between self-and informant reports (N= 197 dyads; correlations and comparisons of means) of personality psychopathology, desired trait levels, and perceptions of impairment. Convergence was observed between levels of self-and informant-reported traits, desired traits, and impairment. However, individuals rated themselves higher on pathological trait levels and impairment than did their informants …

Zachary A. Russell is a Master of Science Student within the University of Georgia's Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management program. He is interested the symbolic aspects of travel and how travel is used a form of conspicuous consumption.B. Bynum Boley, PhD, is an Associate Professor within the University of Georgia’s Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management program. His research focuses on sustainable tourism development and how the unique natural and cultural resources of communities can be protected, packaged, and marketed to jointly increase sustainability, resident quality of life, and a community’s competitiveness as a tourism destination.

Previous findings have showed that existing measures of Machiavellianism often fail to distinguish Machiavellianism from another construct in the Dark Triad (i.e., psychopathy) and do not align with theoretical descriptions. To rectify this, a 52-item measure (i.e., FFMI) was developed to measure traits that are the most theoretically relevant to Machiavellianism using the Five-Factor model of personality. The aim of the current study is to develop a briefer version of the FFMI that can be used in situations in which efficiency is critical. Using data collected from three samples (total N = 1,945), we developed a 15-item measure of Machiavellianism (i.e., FFMI-SSF) that was shown to be similarly effective as the FFMI in capturing core personality traits relevant to Machiavellianism and distinguishing Machiavellianism from psychopathy and narcissism.

The present study examines the association between the ceremonial use of ayahuasca-a decoction combining the Banistereopsis caapi vine and N,N-Dimethyltryptamine-containing plants-and changes in personality traits as conceived by the Five-Factor model (FFM). We also examine the degree to which demographic characteristics, baseline personality, and acute post-ayahuasca experiences affect personality change. Participants recruited from three ayahuasca healing and spiritual centers in South and Central America (N = 256) completed self-report measures of personality at three timepoints (Baseline, Post, 3-month Follow-up). Informant-report measures of the FFM were also obtained (N = 110). Linear mixed models were used to examine changes in personality and the moderation of those changes by covariates. The most pronounced change was a reduction in Neuroticism dzself-reportT1-T2 = - 1.00 …

The Dark Triad (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism) has garnered intense attention over the past 15 years. We examined the structure of these traits’ measure—the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD)—in a sample of 11,488 participants from three W.E.I.R.D. (i.e., North America, Oceania, Western Europe) and five non-W.E.I.R.D. (i.e., Asia, Middle East, non-Western Europe, South America, sub-Saharan Africa) world regions. The results confirmed the measurement invariance of the DTDD across participants’ sex in all world regions, with men scoring higher than women on all traits (except for psychopathy in Asia, where the difference was not significant). We found evidence for metric (and partial scalar) measurement invariance within and between W.E.I.R.D. and non-W.E.I.R.D. world regions. The results generally support the structure of the DTDD.

Purpose: Research across fields suggests that the Big Five personality traits (OCEAN) predict individual behaviors including various financial outcomes. However, OCEAN as a measuring tool has not caught on in the academic or applied financial planning field as extensively as it has in other disciplines. The purpose of this paper is to be the first to examine the relationship between the Big Five personality traits (OCEAN) and four regularly collected financial outcomes—financial literacy, financial risk tolerance, income, and net worth—using a single data set. The correlational format shows the potential predictive ability of personality on various financial behaviors that is succinct and easy to understand.Hypothesis: The research hypothesis is that OCEAN is a significant predictor of financial outcomes. Specifically, 14 out of a possible 20 correlations between OCEAN and financial literacy, financial risk tolerance, income, and net worth will be significant.Methods: Personality, financial literacy, income, and net worth were collected using a significantly powered current MTurk sample (n= 412) representing the US population. Correlations and OLS regressions were run controlling for age, gender, and education to test the relationship between the variables.Findings: 16 out of a possible 20 correlations between OCEAN and financial literacy, financial risk tolerance, income, and net worth were significant, though some were different than hypothesized. Specifically, this study was the first to find that extraversion correlated positively with financial risk-taking and income but negatively with financial literacy. There was no significant relationship with net worth …